Glossary
Glossary
Every field builds a private language; ours insists on decoding it. The full glossary, migrated whole: searchable, linkable, and written for humans.
- 3,050
- terms
- 1007
- crypto
- 2043
- AI + quantum
◈ TERM OF THE DAYSequence-to-sequence (seq2seq)A framework that maps an input sequence to an output sequence of possibly different length, as in translation or summarisation.
#
A
- A* search
- A/B testing
- Aaronson-Arkhipov
- Aave
- ABI (Application Binary Interface)
- Abra
- AC Stark shift
- Acala
- Accessibility tree
- Account Abstraction (ERC-4337)
- Accuracy
- Activation checkpointing
- Activation function
- Activation patching
- Activation steering
- Activation-aware weight quantisation (AWQ)
- Active Addresses
- Active space
- Actor-critic
- Adagrad
- Adam
- AdamW
- ADAPT-VQE
- Address
- Address Poisoning
- Address Reuse
- Adiabatic quantum computation
- Adiabatic theorem
- Advantage function
- Adversarial example
- Adversarial suffix
- AES-256
- Agent (RL)
- Agent handoff
- Agent hijacking
- Agent memory
- Agent orchestration
- Agent-computer interface
- Agentic benchmark
- Agentic loop
- Agentic RAG
- Aharonov-Bohm effect
- AI accelerator
- AI agent
- AI bill of materials (AIBOM)
- AI crawler
- AI disclosure
- AI liability
- AI Safety Institute
- AI winter
- AI21 Labs
- Aider Polyglot
- AIME (as a benchmark)
- Air-Gapped Signing
- Airbridge
- Airdrop
- Airdrop Taxation
- Alchemy
- AlexNet
- Algorand (ALGO)
- Algorithm deprecation timeline
- Algorithmic accountability
- Algorithmic fault tolerance
- Algorithmic qubits (AQ)
- Algorithmic Stablecoin
- Alibaba Qwen
- Alice & Bob
- Alignment
- Alignment tax
- Alkaline-earth atom
- All-reduce
- All-to-all connectivity
- Allan deviation
- Allowlist
- Alpha-beta pruning
- AlphaFold
- AlphaGeometry
- AlphaGo
- AlphaProof
- AlphaQubit
- AlphaZero
- Alpine Racing Token
- Altcoin
- Amazon Braket
- Amber Group
- Amberdata
- AMD Instinct
- AMM (Automated Market Maker)
- Amplitude amplification
- Amplitude damping
- Amplitude encoding
- Amplitude estimation
- Analog quantum simulation
- Analog quantum simulator
- Anchor box
- Anchor Protocol
- Anchorage Custody
- Anchorage Digital
- Ancilla qubit
- Ancilla-assisted measurement
- Ancilla-free synthesis
- Anharmonic oscillator
- Anharmonicity
- Ankr
- Anoma
- Anomalous heating
- Ansatz
- Answer engine
- Anthropic
- Anyon
- API (Application Programming Interface)
- API3
- Application-specific decoder hardware
- Application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC)
- Appropriateness Assessment
- Approval
- Approval Exploit
- Approval Revocation
- Approximate nearest neighbour (ANN)
- APR
- APY
- Aragon
- Arbitrage
- Arbitrary waveform generator (AWG)
- Arbitrum
- ARC (AI2 Reasoning Challenge)
- ARC-AGI
- Archive Node
- Area under the curve (AUC)
- Arithmetic intensity
- ARK Invest
- Arkham Intelligence
- Artificial general intelligence (AGI)
- Artificial intelligence (AI)
- Artificial superintelligence (ASI)
- ASIC Miner
- ASIC Resistance
- Asset-Referenced Token (ART)
- Assignment error
- Astaria
- ATH (All-Time High)
- Atom Computing
- Atom interferometry
- Atom loss
- Atom rearrangement
- Atomic clock
- Atomic Settlement
- Atomic Swap
- Attention head
- Attention Is All You Need
- Attention mask
- Attention mechanism
- Attention sink
- Attention with linear biases (ALiBi)
- Attenuator (cryogenic)
- Attestation
- Attester
- Audio watermarking
- Audit Scope
- Auditing
- Authorised Participant
- Auto-Deleveraging (ADL)
- Autoencoder
- Automated calibration
- Automated decision-making
- Automated machine learning (AutoML)
- Automated theorem proving
- Automatic differentiation (autodiff)
- Automatic speech recognition (ASR)
- Automation bias
- Autonomy levels
- Autoregressive generation
- Autoregressive model
- Autoscaling
- Average gate fidelity
- AVS (Actively Validated Service)
- Aztec Network
- Azure AI Foundry
B
- Backdoor attack
- Backlog problem
- Backpropagation
- Backrunning
- Backwardation
- Bacon-Shor code
- Bag-of-words
- Balanced product code
- Balancer
- Barge-in
- Barren plateau
- Barrier
- BART
- Base
- Base Fee
- Based Rollup
- Basis (Perps)
- Basis encoding
- Basis gate
- Basis set
- Basis state
- Basis Trade
- Batch Auction
- Batch inference API
- Batch normalisation (BatchNorm)
- Batch size
- Batching
- Battery materials simulation
- Bayes' theorem
- BB84
- BCS theory
- Beacon Chain
- Beam
- Beam Privacy
- Beam search
- Beam splitter
- Bear Market
- Bed and Breakfasting Rule
- Bedrock
- Behaviour cloning
- Behind-the-meter generation
- Belief-propagation decoder
- Bell basis
- Bell inequality
- Bell state
- Bell state measurement
- Bell test
- Below threshold
- Benchmark
- Benchmark contamination
- Bernstein-Vazirani algorithm
- Berry phase
- BERT
- Best-of-n sampling
- bfloat16 (BF16)
- Bias benchmark
- Bias-preserving gate
- Bias-tailored code
- Bias-variance tradeoff
- Biconomy
- Bid-Ask Spread
- BIG-bench
- BIKE
- Binance Coin (BNB)
- Binomial code
- BIP (Bitcoin Improvement Proposal)
- BIP-32
- BIP-39
- BIP-44
- Bit-flip error
- Bitcoin (BTC)
- Bitcoin Cash (BCH)
- Bitcoin Core
- Bitfinex
- BitGo
- BitGo Prime
- BitGo Trust
- BitPay
- Bitquery
- Bitstamp
- Bitwise Invest
- Bivariate bicycle code
- Black box problem
- Black Forest Labs
- Black-box model
- BlackRock BUIDL
- Blackwell
- Bletchley Declaration
- BLEU (bilingual evaluation understudy)
- Blind quantum computing
- Blind Signing
- Blob (EIP-4844)
- Blobspace
- Bloch sphere
- Bloch vector
- Bloch-Redfield theory
- Block
- Block encoding
- Block Explorer
- Block Height
- Block Reward
- Block Subsidy
- Blockchain
- Blockdaemon
- BlockFi
- Blocknative
- Blockstream
- Bloom
- BLS Signature
- Blue detuning
- Bluefors
- Blur
- BM25
- Bollinger Bands
- Boltzmann distribution
- Bond Protocol
- Bonding Curve
- Born rule
- Born-Oppenheimer approximation
- Boson sampling
- Bosonic code
- Bottlepay
- Bounded-error quantum polynomial time (BQP)
- Bounding box
- BPP (bounded-error probabilistic polynomial time)
- Bra
- Bra-ket notation (Dirac notation)
- Braiding
- Brain Wallet
- Braintrust
- Bravyi-Kitaev transformation
- BRC-20
- Break-even
- Breez Wallet
- Bridge
- Bridge Exploit
- BrowseComp
- Browser automation
- BTC Ordinals
- BTCPay Server
- Bug Bounty
- Builder (MEV)
- Bull Market
- Bundle (MEV)
- Bundler
- Burn Rate (Token)
- Burning
- Burst error
- Bybit
- Byte pair encoding (BPE)
- Byte-level BPE
- Bytecode
- Byzantine Fault Tolerance (BFT)
C
- C4 (Colossal Clean Crawled Corpus)
- Cache hit rate (prompt)
- Caesium fountain clock
- Calibration
- Calibration drift
- Calldata
- Canary deployment
- Canary string
- Candlestick
- Canto
- Capability elicitation
- Capability threshold
- Capital Gains Tax (Crypto)
- Carbon footprint of training
- Cardano (ADA)
- Cartesi
- Casa
- Cascade (model cascade)
- Cash and Carry
- Cash-Secured Put
- Casimir effect
- Casper FFG
- Cat qubit
- Cat state
- Catalysis simulation
- Catastrophic forgetting
- Catastrophic interference
- Causal masking
- Cavity mode
- Cavity quantum electrodynamics (cavity QED)
- CCIP (Cross-Chain Interoperability Protocol)
- CDP (Collateralised Debt Position)
- Celestia (DA Layer)
- Celestia Bridge
- Celsius Network
- Censorship Resistance
- Central Bank Digital Currency (CBDC)
- Centralised Exchange (CEX)
- Cerebras
- Certified randomness
- CertiK
- Chain break
- Chain Reorganisation (Reorg)
- Chain-of-thought
- Chain-of-thought faithfulness
- Chainalysis
- Chainlink (LINK)
- Chainstack
- Challenge Period
- Change Address
- Chaos Labs
- Chapter 11
- Character error rate (CER)
- Charge qubit
- Chargeback Risk
- Charging energy
- ChatGPT
- Check operator
- Checkpoint
- Checkpointing
- Checks-Effects-Interactions
- Child-Pays-for-Parent (CPFP)
- Chiliz
- Chinchilla scaling
- Chinese room
- Chip-on-wafer-on-substrate (CoWoS)
- Chip-scale atomic clock
- Chiplet architecture
- CHSH inequality
- Chunk overlap
- Chunking
- Churn Limit
- CI/CD for models
- CID (Content Identifier)
- CIFAR-10
- CipherTrace
- Circuit
- Circuit Breaker
- Circuit depth
- Circuit knitting
- Circuit Layer Operations Per Second (CLOPS)
- Circuit optimisation
- Circuit quantum electrodynamics (circuit QED)
- Circuit width
- Circulating Supply
- Circulator
- Cirq
- Citadel Securities Crypto
- Citation grounding
- Citi Token Services
- Civic
- Civic Pass
- Classic McEliece
- Classical control loop
- Classical simulation of quantum circuits
- Classification
- Classifier-free guidance (CFG)
- Classiq
- Claude
- Claude Code
- Clawback
- Client Diversity
- Cliff (Vesting)
- Clifford gate
- Clifford gates
- Clifford+T decomposition
- Clipboard Hijacking
- CLMM (Concentrated Liquidity Market Maker)
- Cluster state
- Clustering
- CNSA 2.0
- Coalition for Content Provenance and Authenticity (C2PA)
- COCO (Common Objects in Context)
- Code deformation
- Code distance (d)
- Code rate
- Code switching
- Code-based cryptography
- Code4rena
- Coexistence (QKD)
- Cohere
- Coherence time
- Coherence-limited depth
- Coherent error
- Coherent error accumulation
- Coherent Ising machine
- Coherent state
- Coherent transport
- Coin Control
- Coin Days Destroyed
- Coin Metrics
- Coinbase
- Coinbase Transaction
- Coincover
- Coinfirm
- CoinGecko
- CoinMarketCap
- CoinRoutes
- CoinShares
- CoinShares ETP
- Cold atom source
- Cold start
- Cold Wallet
- Collateral Factor
- Collective communication
- Collision problem
- Collision Resistance
- Colour centre
- Colour code
- Combinatorial optimisation
- ComfyUI
- Command (Cohere)
- Commingling
- Commodity Futures Trading Commission (CFTC)
- Common Crawl
- Commutator
- Compaction
- Complementarity
- Completely positive trace-preserving map (CPTP)
- Completion tokens
- Compliance Cost
- Composability
- Compound
- Computational basis
- Compute cluster
- Compute divide
- Compute governance
- Compute-bound
- Compute-optimal training
- Computer use
- Computer vision
- Computer-using agent
- Concatenated code
- Concept drift
- Concurrence
- Condor (IBM)
- Confidential computing
- Confirmation
- Conformity assessment
- Confused deputy problem
- Confusion matrix
- Connectionism
- Consensus Mechanism
- Consent Order
- Consistency model
- Constant-time implementation
- Constitutional AI
- Constrained decoding
- Constraint satisfaction problem (CSP)
- Constructive interference
- Consumer Duty
- Contango
- Content credentials
- Content licensing deal
- Content moderation
- Content provenance
- Context caching
- Context compression
- Context engineering
- Context rot
- Context window
- Contextual retrieval
- Continual learning
- Continued pretraining
- Continuous batching
- Continuous monitoring
- Continuous-time quantum walk
- Continuous-variable QKD (CV-QKD)
- Continuous-variable quantum computing
- Contract Verification
- Contrastive Language-Image Pre-training (CLIP)
- Contrastive learning
- Control electronics
- Control pulse
- Controlled gate
- Controlled rotation gate
- Controlled-NOT gate (CNOT)
- Controlled-phase gate (CPHASE)
- Controlled-Z gate (CZ)
- Controlled-Z via tunable coupler
- ControlNet
- Convex Finance
- Convolution kernel
- Convolutional layer
- Convolutional neural network (CNN)
- Cooling power
- Cooling-Off Period
- Cooper pair
- Copenhagen interpretation
- Coplanar waveguide resonator
- Core ML
- Correlated decoding
- Correlated error
- Correlated errors
- Correlation energy
- Corrigibility
- Cosine annealing
- Cosine similarity
- Cosmic ray event
- Cosmos Hub
- Cost Basis
- Cost function landscape
- Cost per token
- Counterparty Risk
- Coupling map
- Covered Call
- CREATE2
- Creator Royalty
- Credit assignment problem
- Credix
- Critical temperature
- Cross-attention
- Cross-encoder
- Cross-entropy benchmarking (XEB)
- Cross-entropy loss
- Cross-Margin
- Cross-resonance gate
- Cross-validation
- Crossmint
- Crosstalk
- Cryo-CMOS
- Cryogenic link
- Cryostat
- Cryostat wiring budget
- Crypto-agility
- Crypto-Asset Reporting Framework (CARF)
- Crypto-Asset Service Provider (CASP)
- Crypto-Collateralised Stablecoin
- Crypto-Native Risk
- Crypto.com Pay
- Cryptographic agility
- Cryptographic inventory
- Cryptographically relevant quantum computer (CRQC)
- CryptoQuant
- Crystal Blockchain
- CRYSTALS-Dilithium
- CRYSTALS-Kyber
- CSS code (Calderbank-Shor-Steane)
- CUDA
- CUDA graphs
- Curiosity-driven exploration
- Curriculum learning
- Curse of dimensionality
- Cursor
- Curtailment
- Curve Finance
- Custodia Bank
- Custodial Wallet
- Cybernetics
D
- D-Wave Quantum
- D33 Economic Agenda
- DA (Data Availability)
- DAC8
- DAI
- DALL·E
- Dangerous capability evaluation
- Danksharding
- DAO (Decentralised Autonomous Organisation)
- DApp (Decentralised Application)
- DappRadar
- Dark count
- Dark fibre
- Dartmouth workshop
- Data augmentation
- Data Availability Sampling
- Data centre
- Data curation
- Data labelling
- Data leakage
- Data loading problem
- Data parallelism
- Data poisoning
- Data poisoning attack
- Data protection impact assessment (DPIA)
- Data qubit
- Data re-uploading
- Data residency
- Dead internet theory
- Death Cross
- DeBank
- Debanking
- Debate (AI safety)
- Decentraland
- Decentralised Exchange (DEX)
- Deceptive alignment
- Decision tree
- Decode
- Decode phase
- Decoder
- Decoder (error correction)
- Decoder latency
- Decoder-only architecture
- Decoherence
- Decoherence-free subspace
- Decoy-state protocol
- Deep learning
- Deep Q-network (DQN)
- Deep research
- Deepfake
- Deepfake fraud
- DeepSeek
- DeepSpeed
- DeFi (Decentralised Finance)
- DefiLlama
- Delayed-choice experiment
- Delegated Proof of Stake (DPoS)
- Delegated Staking
- Delivery versus Payment (DvP)
- Delphi Labs
- Delta
- Demand Response
- Denoising
- Denoising diffusion implicit model (DDIM)
- Denoising diffusion probabilistic model (DDPM)
- Denoising strength
- Density matrix
- Density matrix renormalisation group (DMRG)
- Depeg
- Dephasing
- Depolarising channel
- Depolarising noise
- Depth Chart
- Depth estimation
- Dequantisation
- Dequantisation result
- Deribit
- Derivation Path
- Derivatives
- Deskilling
- Destructive interference
- Detection event
- Detection loophole
- Detector efficiency
- Deterministic quantum computation with one clean qubit (DQC1)
- Detokenisation
- Deutsch's algorithm
- Deutsch-Jozsa algorithm
- Device variability
- Device-independent QKD (DI-QKD)
- Device-independent randomness
- Devin
- DEX Aggregator
- DEXTools
- Diamond Pattern (EIP-2535)
- Dictionary learning
- Differential privacy
- Difficulty Adjustment
- Difficulty Target
- Diffie-Hellman key exchange
- Diffusion distillation
- Diffusion model
- Diffusion transformer (DiT)
- Digital Euro
- Digital Pound
- Digital quantum simulation
- Digital Securities Sandbox
- Digital Signature
- Digital twin
- Dilution refrigerator
- Dimensionality reduction
- Diraq
- Direct preference optimisation (DPO)
- Direct-to-chip cooling
- Discount factor
- Discrete-time quantum walk
- Discriminator (GAN)
- Disparate impact
- Dispersive readout
- Distance-3 code
- DistilBERT
- Distillation
- Distillation of a frontier model
- Distillation overhead
- Distributed Ledger
- Distributed training
- Document understanding
- DODO
- Dogecoin (DOGE)
- Dollar-Cost Averaging (DCA)
- DOM extraction
- Domain randomisation
- Donation Attack
- Donor qubit
- Doppler cooling
- Dormancy
- Double descent
- Double Spending
- Double-slit experiment
- Draft model
- DRAG pulse (Derivative Removal by Adiabatic Gate)
- DreamBooth
- Dressed state
- Dropout
- DTCC Digital
- Dual-rail encoding
- Dual-species architecture
- Duffing oscillator
- Dune Analytics
- Dust
- Dusting Attack
- DVN/DON
- Dynamical decoupling
E
- E-Money Token (EMT)
- E91 protocol
- Eagle (IBM)
- Early stopping
- Eastin-Knill theorem
- ECDSA
- Echoed cross-resonance
- Eclipse Attack
- Edge inference
- Edge Wallet
- EfficientNet
- EigenDA
- EigenLayer / Restaking
- Eigenstate
- Eigenvalue
- EIP-1559
- EIP-4844 (Proto-Danksharding)
- EIP-712
- EIP-7702
- Electrode surface treatment
- Electron correlation
- Electron shuttling
- Electron spin
- Electronic structure
- Element distinctness problem
- ElevenLabs
- Elicitation gap
- Elliptic
- Elliptic-curve cryptography (ECC)
- ELMo
- Elo rating
- Embedding
- Embedding layer
- Embodied AI
- Emergency Shutdown
- Emergent abilities
- Emission Schedule
- Encoder
- Encoder-decoder architecture
- Encoder-only architecture
- Encoding rate
- Energy level
- Enforcement Action
- ENS (Ethereum Name Service)
- Ensemble learning
- Entanglement
- Entanglement area law
- Entanglement distillation
- Entanglement entropy
- Entanglement fidelity
- Entanglement generation rate
- Entanglement measure
- Entanglement swapping
- Entanglement witness
- Entanglement-enhanced sensing
- Entangling gate
- Environment (RL)
- Episodic memory
- Epoch
- EPR pair
- Epsilon-greedy
- Erasure Coding
- Erasure conversion
- Erasure error
- ERC-1155
- ERC-20
- ERC-2981
- ERC-4626
- ERC-6551
- ERC-721
- Error budget
- Error budget analysis
- Error mitigation
- Error per Clifford (EPC)
- Error rate
- Error syndrome
- Error threshold
- Error-corrected qubit
- Error-correction cycle
- Escape Hatch
- Escrow
- Estate Claim
- Ethena
- Ethereum (ETH)
- Ethereum Classic (ETC)
- EtherMail
- ethers.js
- EthSign
- EU AI Act
- EU Quantum Flagship
- Euler Finance
- Euroclear DLT
- Evals
- Evaluation harness
- Event Log
- EVM (Ethereum Virtual Machine)
- Evolutionary algorithm
- Exchange
- Exchange gate
- Exchange interaction
- Exchange Netflow
- Exchange Reserve
- Exchange-Traded Product (ETP)
- Excited state
- Execution Layer
- Exit Queue
- Exit Scam
- Expectation value
- Experience replay
- Experiment tracking
- Expert network
- Expert system
- Explainable AI (XAI)
- Exploding gradient problem
- Exploration-exploitation tradeoff
- Exponential separation
- Exponential speedup
- Export controls
- Export controls (quantum)
- Extended Public Key (xpub)
- Extended thinking
- Externally Owned Account (EOA)
- Extraction attack
- Extreme ultraviolet lithography (EUV)
F
- F1 score
- Face recognition
- Factuality
- Fair use (AI training)
- Fair Value Accounting (Crypto)
- Fairness metric
- FalconX
- Fallback Function
- False refusal
- Fantom
- Farcaster
- Fault tolerance
- Fault-tolerant gadget
- Fault-tolerant quantum computing (FTQC)
- FCA Cryptoasset Registration
- Feature engineering
- Feature importance
- Feature scaling
- Feature store
- Feature visualisation
- Federated learning
- Fee Rate (sat/vB)
- Feed-forward control
- Feedforward network (FFN)
- FeMoco
- Fermion
- Fermionic simulation
- Few-shot
- Fiat Currency
- Fiat Off-Ramp
- Fiat On-Ramp
- Fiat-Backed Stablecoin
- Fidelity
- Fidelity Digital Assets
- Field-deployable quantum sensor
- Field-programmable gate array (FPGA)
- Field-programmable gate array (FPGA) control
- Fifth Anti-Money Laundering Directive (5AMLD)
- Filecoin (FIL)
- Fill or Kill
- Finality
- Financial Action Task Force (FATF)
- Financial Promotions Regime (Cryptoassets)
- Fine-tuning
- FineWeb
- FIPS 203
- FIPS 204
- FIPS 205
- Fireblocks
- Fireblocks Network
- Fireworks AI
- Firmware Verification
- Firo
- First-order logic
- Fixed-frequency qubit
- Flag qubit
- Flared Gas Mining
- Flash attention
- Flash Loan
- Flash Loan Attack
- FlashAttention
- Flashbots
- Flip-chip packaging
- Float
- Floating-point operations (FLOPs)
- Floating-point operations per second (FLOP/s)
- Floor Price
- Floquet code
- Flow matching
- Flowdesk
- Fluidity
- Flux noise
- Flux quantum
- Flux qubit
- FLUX.1
- Fluxonium
- FN-DSA (FALCON)
- Fock state
- Fold App
- FOMO (Fear of Missing Out)
- Footprint Analytics
- Force Inclusion
- Forced alignment
- Fork
- Fork Choice Rule
- Form 1099-DA
- Formal verification
- Formal Verification (Contracts)
- Forward diffusion process
- Foundation model
- Foundry
- Foundry-fabricated qubits
- FP8
- Fractionalised NFT
- Frame interpolation
- Franklin Templeton OnChain
- Fraud Proof
- Frax Finance
- Frechet inception distance (FID)
- Fredkin gate (CSWAP)
- Free-space QKD
- Frequency collision
- Frequency penalty
- Frequency-division multiplexing (readout)
- Freshness (retrieval)
- Front-Running
- Front-Running Protection
- Frontier AI safety commitments
- Frontier model
- Frontier safety
- FrontierMath
- Fujitsu quantum programme
- Full Node
- Fully connected layer
- Fully Diluted Valuation (FDV)
- Fully Sharded Data Parallel (FSDP)
- Function calling
- Funding Rate
- Fusion-based quantum computing
- Fuzz Testing
- Fuzzy logic
G
- GAIA
- Galaxy Digital
- Gamma
- Gap engineering
- Gas
- Gas Limit
- Gate cancellation
- Gate count
- Gate decomposition
- Gate fidelity
- Gate set tomography (GST)
- Gate synthesis
- Gate time
- Gate zone
- Gated linear unit (GLU)
- Gated recurrent unit (GRU)
- Gauge fixing
- Gauntlet
- Gaussian boson sampling
- Gaussian error linear unit (GELU)
- Gaussian splatting
- Gaussian state
- Gemini
- Gemini (Google)
- Gemma
- General-purpose AI model (GPAI)
- Generalisation
- Generalised advantage estimation (GAE)
- Generative adversarial network (GAN)
- Generative engine optimisation (GEO)
- Generator (GAN)
- Genesis Block
- Genesis Trading
- Genetic algorithm
- Geoblocking
- Geometric phase
- GGUF
- Ghost imaging
- Ghost work
- GHZ paradox
- GHZ state
- Gigawatt data centre
- Gitcoin
- GitHub Copilot
- Glassnode
- Global phase
- GloDollar
- GLUE
- Gnosis Safe (Safe)
- Golden Cross
- Golden dataset
- Goldman Sachs Digital Assets
- Good old-fashioned AI (GOFAI)
- Good quantum code
- Goodhart's law
- Google DeepMind
- Google Quantum AI
- Gottesman-Kitaev-Preskill code (GKP)
- Gottesman-Knill theorem
- Governance Attack
- Governance Token
- GPS-denied navigation
- GPT (generative pre-trained transformer)
- GPT-3
- GPT-4
- GPTQ
- GPU hours
- Grace Hopper superchip
- Gradient
- Gradient accumulation
- Gradient boosting
- Gradient clipping
- Gradient descent
- Gradio
- Graduate-Level Google-Proof Q&A (GPQA)
- Grandmother cell
- Graph Indexer
- Graphics processing unit (GPU)
- GraphRAG
- Gravimetry
- Gravity gradiometry
- Grayscale Discount
- Grayscale Investments
- Greedy decoding
- Griefing Attack
- Grin
- Grok
- Grokking
- Groq
- Groth16
- Ground state
- Ground state energy
- Ground truth
- Ground-state energy estimation
- Groundedness
- Grounding
- Group relative policy optimisation (GRPO)
- Grouped-query attention (GQA)
- Grover diffusion operator
- Grover's algorithm
- Grover's impact on symmetric keys
- GSM8K
- GSR Markets
- Guardrail agent
- Guardrail evaluation
- Guardrails
- Guidance scale
H
- H-series (Quantinuum)
- Hacken
- Hadamard gate (H)
- Halborn
- Hallucination
- Hallucination rate
- Halving
- Hamiltonian
- Hamiltonian simulation
- Hard Fork
- Hardhat
- Hardware-efficient ansatz
- Harrow-Hassidim-Lloyd algorithm (HHL)
- Hartree-Fock method
- Harvest now, decrypt later
- Hash Function
- Hash-based signatures
- Hashdex
- Hashprice
- Hashrate
- Hashrate Derivative
- HBM3E
- Headless browser
- Health Factor
- Hebbian learning
- Heisenberg limit
- Heisenberg model
- Heisenberg uncertainty principle
- Held-out set
- Helium
- Helium-3 supply
- HellaSwag
- Heralded entanglement
- Heralding
- Hermitian operator
- Heron (IBM)
- Heterodyne detection
- Heuristic
- Heuristic quantum algorithm
- Hierarchical clustering
- Hierarchical Deterministic Wallet (HD Wallet)
- Hierarchical Navigable Small World (HNSW)
- High electron mobility transistor (HEMT)
- High-bandwidth memory (HBM)
- High-risk AI system
- Hilbert space
- Hive Blockchain
- HMRC Cryptoassets Manual
- HODL
- HODL Waves
- Holevo bound
- Holistic Evaluation of Language Models (HELM)
- Homodyne detection
- Honeycomb code
- Honeypot Contract
- Hong-Ou-Mandel effect
- Hook error
- Hopper (H100)
- Hot Wallet
- Howey Test
- HQC (Hamming Quasi-Cyclic)
- HSBC Orion
- HTLC (Hashed Time-Locked Contract)
- Hubbard model
- Hugging Face
- Hugging Face Transformers
- Human approval gate
- Human evaluation
- Human handoff
- Human oversight requirement
- Human-in-the-loop (HITL)
- Human-on-the-loop
- HumanEval
- Humanity's Last Exam
- Humanode
- Hybrid AMM
- Hybrid certificate
- Hybrid key exchange
- Hybrid quantum-classical algorithm
- Hybrid search
- Hyperbolic tangent (tanh)
- Hyperfine qubit
- Hyperfine structure
- Hypergraph product code
- Hyperparameter
- Hyperparameter tuning
- Hyperspace
I
- IBC (Inter-Blockchain Communication)
- IBM Quantum
- Ice Phishing
- Iceberg Order
- ICO (Initial Coin Offering)
- Identity gate (I)
- Idling error
- IEO / IDO
- IFEval
- Image captioning
- Image-to-image (img2img)
- Imagen
- ImageNet
- Imitation learning
- Immersion cooling
- Immersion Cooling (Mining)
- Immunefi
- Immutable
- Immutable X
- Impairment-Only Model
- Impermanent Loss
- Implied Volatility
- In-context learning
- In-Kind Creation
- Inactivity Leak
- Inception (GoogLeNet)
- Incognito Chain
- Incoherent error
- Index Price
- Indexer
- Indirect prompt injection
- Induction head
- Inductive bias
- Inference
- Inference engine
- Inference server
- Inference-time scaling
- Inferentia
- InfiniBand
- Infinite Mint
- Infleqtion
- Information reconciliation
- Information-theoretic security
- Inheritance Planning (Crypto)
- Initial Margin
- Injective
- Inner alignment
- Inner product
- Inpainting
- Insider Trading (Crypto)
- Instance segmentation
- Instantaneous quantum polynomial time (IQP)
- Instruction tuning
- Instrumental convergence
- Insurance Fund
- INT8 quantisation
- Integrated photonics
- Intents
- Inter-annotator agreement
- Inter-token latency
- Interconnect
- Interference-based computation
- Interferometry
- Interleaved randomised benchmarking
- International Year of Quantum
- Interoperability
- Interpretability
- Intersection over union (IoU)
- IntoTheBlock
- Invariant Testing
- Inverse reinforcement learning
- Inverted File Index (IVF)
- Investment Contract
- Ion chain
- Ion shuttling
- IonQ
- IP-Adapter
- IQM
- Ironwood
- Ising model
- ISO/IEC 42001
- Isogeny-based cryptography
- Isolated Margin
- Isotopically purified silicon
- iSWAP gate
- Iterated amplification
- Iterative phase estimation
J
- Jailbreak
- Jailbreak transferability
- Jamming (Mempool Spam)
- JAX
- Jaynes-Cummings model
- Jevons paradox (AI)
- JIT Liquidity
- Jito Network
- Jiuzhang
- JoinMarket
- JOMO (Joy of Missing Out)
- Jordan-Wigner transformation
- Josephson effect
- Josephson energy
- Josephson junction
- Josephson parametric amplifier (JPA)
- JPM Onyx
- JSON mode
- Jump Crypto
- Junction (ion trap)
- Junction fabrication
- Jupiter Exchange
K
- K-fold cross-validation
- K-means clustering
- K-nearest neighbours (k-NN)
- Kaiko
- Kaiko Data
- Karura
- Keras
- Kernel fusion
- Kernel trick
- Kerr nonlinearity
- Ket
- Key encapsulation mechanism (KEM)
- Key size (post-quantum)
- Key-value cache (KV cache)
- Keypoint detection
- Keystore
- Keyword search
- Kinetic inductance
- Kling
- Knill-Laflamme conditions
- Knill-Laflamme-Milburn protocol (KLM)
- Know Your Business (KYB)
- Knowledge base
- Knowledge cutoff
- Knowledge graph
- Knowledge representation
- Kochen-Specker theorem
- Komodo
- Kraken
- Kraus operators
- Kubernetes for AI
- Kullback-Leibler divergence (KL divergence)
- KV cache (key-value cache)
- Kyber Network
- KYC (Know Your Customer)
- KZG Commitments
L
- L1 regularisation
- L2 regularisation
- Label smoothing
- LAION
- Lambda factor
- Lamport one-time signature
- Landauer's principle
- LangChain
- Large language model (LLM)
- Larmor precession
- Laser annealing
- Laser cooling
- Late interaction retrieval
- Latency
- Latent consistency model (LCM)
- Latent diffusion model (LDM)
- Latent space
- Lattice gauge theory
- Lattice surgery
- Lattice-based cryptography
- Layer 1
- Layer 2
- Layer normalisation (LayerNorm)
- Layering
- LayerZero
- Leaderboard
- Leakage
- Leakage detection unit
- Leakage error
- Learning rate
- Learning With Errors (LWE)
- Learning-rate schedule
- Learning-rate warmup
- Least Authority
- Least privilege (agents)
- Least-to-most prompting
- Ledger
- Ledger Enterprise
- Legal Opinion (Token)
- Leggett-Garg inequality
- Legitimate interests
- Lemmatisation
- Lens Protocol
- Leverage
- LibriSpeech
- Lifted product code
- Light Client
- Lightning Labs
- Lightning Network
- Lightspark
- LIME (Local Interpretable Model-agnostic Explanations)
- Limit Order
- Lindblad master equation
- Linea
- Linear attention
- Linear combination of unitaries (LCU)
- Linear cross-entropy benchmark (XEB) fidelity
- Linear optics quantum computing (LOQC)
- Linear regression
- Liquid cooling
- Liquid Democracy
- Liquid Network
- Liquid Staking Token (LST)
- Liquidation
- Liquidation Cascade
- Liquidity
- Liquidity Bootstrapping Pool (LBP)
- Liquidity Layer
- Liquidity Sweep
- Lit Protocol
- Litecoin (LTC)
- LiteRT
- LiveBench
- Liveness detection
- Llama
- llama.cpp
- LlamaIndex
- LLM-as-a-judge
- LM Studio
- LMArena
- LMD-GHOST
- Load-balancing loss
- Local Hamiltonian problem
- Log probability (logprob)
- Logical Bell pair
- Logical clock speed
- Logical error rate
- Logical operator
- Logical qubit
- Logical qubit count
- Logical qubit lifetime
- Logical qubit milestone
- Logical qubits to break RSA-2048
- Logistic regression
- Logit bias
- Logit lens
- Logits
- Long short-term memory (LSTM)
- Long-Range Attack
- Long-range connectivity
- Long-Term Holder
- Long-term memory
- Long/Short Ratio
- Longest Chain Rule
- Loophole-free Bell test
- Loss function
- Lost in the middle
- Lottery ticket hypothesis
- Low Float High FDV
- Low-rank adaptation (LoRA)
- LP Token
- LTV (Loan-to-Value)
- Luma AI
- LVR (Loss vs Rebalancing)
- Lyra
M
- MACD
- Machine learning (ML)
- Machine unlearning
- Magic (resource theory)
- Magic Eden
- Magic state
- Magic state cultivation
- Magic state distillation
- Magic wavelength
- Magic-state factory
- Magneto-optical trap (MOT)
- Magnetoencephalography (optically pumped)
- Magnetometry
- Maintenance Margin
- Majorana 1
- Majorana fermion
- Majorana zero mode
- Majority voting
- Maker/Taker
- MakerDAO
- Mamba
- Manifold hypothesis
- Many-body localisation
- Many-shot jailbreak
- Many-worlds interpretation
- Margin
- Margin Call
- Mark Price
- Market Cap
- Market Cap to TVL Ratio
- Market Depth
- Market Manipulation
- Market Order
- Markov decision process (MDP)
- Masked language modelling (MLM)
- Massive Multitask Language Understanding (MMLU)
- MATH benchmark
- Matrix product state (MPS)
- Max Pain
- Max Supply
- Maximal entanglement
- Maximally mixed state
- mBridge
- McEliece cryptosystem
- MCP server
- Mean absolute error (MAE)
- Mean average precision (mAP)
- Mean squared error (MSE)
- Meaningful human control
- Measurement error
- Measurement-based quantum computing (MBQC)
- Measurement-device-independent QKD (MDI-QKD)
- Measurement-induced dephasing
- Mechanistic interpretability
- Megaquop machine
- Megatron-LM
- Meissner effect
- Mel spectrogram
- Mel-frequency cepstral coefficients (MFCC)
- Membership inference attack
- Memorisation (training data)
- Memory bandwidth
- Memory-bound
- Mempool
- Merged Mining
- Merkle Proof of Reserves
- Merkle signature scheme
- Merkle Tree
- Merlin Blockchain
- Mesa-optimisation
- Mesh generation
- Messari
- Messari Pro
- Meta AI
- Meta-learning
- Metaco
- Metadata filtering
- MetaMask
- Metamask Snaps
- Metaplex
- Metastable state qubit
- MEV (Maximal Extractable Value)
- MEV-Boost
- MEV-Burn
- MiCA (Markets in Crypto-Assets Regulation)
- Micius satellite
- Micromagnet
- Microsoft Azure Quantum
- Microwave control
- Microwave photon
- Microwave-to-optical transduction
- Mid-circuit measurement
- Mid-training
- Midjourney
- Millikelvin
- Min-p sampling
- Miner Capitulation
- Mini-batch gradient descent
- Minimax
- Minimum-weight perfect matching (MWPM)
- Mining
- Mining Pool
- Miniscript
- Minor embedding
- Minting
- Minus state
- Mirror benchmarking
- Mistral AI
- Mixed precision
- Mixed state
- Mixed-precision training
- Mixin Messenger
- Mixin Network
- Mixing chamber
- Mixture of experts (MoE)
- ML-DSA
- ML-KEM
- MLflow
- MLOps
- MLX
- MMLU-Pro
- MMMU
- MNIST
- MobileNet
- Mode collapse
- Model card
- Model collapse
- Model Context Protocol (MCP)
- Model drift
- Model evaluation for dangerous capabilities
- Model extraction attack
- Model FLOPs utilisation (MFU)
- Model gateway
- Model inversion
- Model merging
- Model parallelism
- Model provenance
- Model registry
- Model routing
- Model serving
- Model theft
- Model-agnostic meta-learning (MAML)
- Model-based reinforcement learning
- Modular Blockchain
- Modular exponentiation
- Modular quantum computer
- Module-LWE
- Molecular Hamiltonian
- Molecular orbital
- Molecular qubit
- Molmer-Sorensen gate
- Momentum
- Monero
- Monogamy of entanglement
- Monolithic Blockchain
- Monosemanticity
- Monte Carlo tree search (MCTS)
- Moonbeam
- Moonshot AI
- Mosca's theorem
- Motional heating
- Motional mode
- Moving Average
- MPC Wallet
- MT-Bench
- Multi-agent system
- Multi-armed bandit
- Multi-controlled gate
- Multi-head attention (MHA)
- Multi-hop retrieval
- Multi-query attention (MQA)
- Multi-task learning
- Multilayer perceptron (MLP)
- Multimodal model
- Multiplexing (photonic)
- Multisig
- Multisig Threshold
- Multiverse Computing
- Mutual information (quantum)
- MuZero
- MVRV Ratio
- MXFP4
N
- N-gram
- Naive Bayes
- Nakamoto Coefficient
- Nakamoto Consensus
- Namada
- Named entity recognition (NER)
- Nansen
- Nansen Query
- Narrow AI
- National Quantum Computing Centre (NQCC)
- National Quantum Initiative
- Native Bridge
- Native gate set
- NavCoin
- NCCL
- Near Protocol
- Needle in a haystack
- Negative log-likelihood (NLL)
- Negative prompt
- Negativity
- Neocloud
- Net Asset Value Premium
- Net Issuance
- Net Unrealised Profit and Loss (NUPL)
- Network Effects
- Neural architecture search (NAS)
- Neural audio codec
- Neural network
- Neural network decoder
- Neural processing unit (NPU)
- Neural radiance field (NeRF)
- Neural style transfer
- Neuroevolution
- Neutral atom array
- Neutral-atom qubit
- Next-token prediction
- NIST AI Risk Management Framework
- NIST PQC standardisation
- Nitrogen-vacancy centre (NV centre)
- No free lunch theorem
- No-cloning theorem
- No-deleting theorem
- Node
- Noise bias
- Noise schedule
- Noisy Intermediate-Scale Quantum (NISQ)
- Nominated Proof of Stake (NPoS)
- Non-abelian anyon
- Non-Clifford gate
- Non-Fungible Token (NFT)
- Non-Gaussian resource
- Non-Markovian noise
- Non-maximum suppression
- Nonce
- NOON state
- Nord Quantique
- Not Your Keys, Not Your Coins
- Nothing-at-Stake Problem
- Nova (Amazon)
- NP (nondeterministic polynomial time)
- NP-hard problem
- NTRU
- Nuclear magnetic resonance quantum computing
- Nuclear spin qubit (atomic)
- Nucleus sampling (top-p)
- NuCypher
- NumPy
- NV magnetometry
- Nvidia
- Nvidia CUDA-Q
- NVLink
- NVQLink
- NVT Ratio
- NYDIG
O
- Object detection
- Objective function
- Observability
- Observable
- Observable operator
- Occam's razor
- Ocelot
- OCR (Off-Chain Reporting)
- Off-policy learning
- Office of Foreign Assets Control (OFAC)
- Offline evaluation
- Offline reinforcement learning
- Offloading
- Offshore Exchange
- OKLink
- OKX
- Ollama
- Omnibus Account
- On-Chain Governance
- On-policy learning
- On-premises quantum computer
- One-hot encoding
- One-time pad
- One-way quantum computer
- Online evaluation
- ONNX (Open Neural Network Exchange)
- Ontology
- Opcode
- Open Interest
- Open Interest Weighted Funding
- Open-weight model
- OpenAI
- OpenNode
- OpenPulse
- OpenQASM
- OpenRouter
- OpenSea
- Opensearch
- OpenVINO
- Opt-out (training data)
- Optical atomic clock
- Optical character recognition (OCR)
- Optical clock comparison
- Optical clock transition
- Optical flow
- Optical frequency comb
- Optical lattice clock
- Optical qubit
- Optical switch network
- Optical tweezers
- Optically pumped magnetometer (OPM)
- Optimiser
- Optimism
- Optimistic Rollup
- Options (Calls/Puts)
- Oracle
- Oracle (quantum)
- Oracle Manipulation
- Oracle separation
- Oracle-relative separation
- ORCA Computing
- Orchestrator-worker pattern
- Order Block
- Order Book
- Order finding
- Order Flow
- Order Flow Auction
- Ordify
- Ordinals Wallet
- Origin Quantum
- Orphan Block
- Orthogonal states
- Orthonormal basis
- Osprey (IBM)
- Outcome reward model (ORM)
- Outer alignment
- Outpainting
- Output infringement
- Output readout problem
- Over-refusal
- Overfitting
- Overfitting to benchmarks
- Oxford Ionics
P
- PagedAttention
- Pairwise comparison
- Pandas
- Panoptic segmentation
- Paper Wallet
- Paradigm
- Parallel tool calls
- Parameter
- Parameter-efficient fine-tuning (PEFT)
- Parametric gate
- Parametrised quantum circuit
- Parity check
- Part-of-speech tagging (POS tagging)
- Partial trace
- Partially observable MDP (POMDP)
- Participation ratio
- Particl
- Pasqal
- Pass@1
- Pass@k
- Passkey Wallet
- Passphrase (25th Word)
- Passporting
- Patch embedding
- Paul trap
- Pauli basis
- Pauli error
- Pauli gates
- Pauli matrices
- Pauli twirling
- Pauli-X gate
- Pauli-Y gate
- Pauli-Z gate
- Pause Guardian
- Pay-per-crawl
- Paymaster
- Payment for Order Flow
- Payment Rail
- Payment Stablecoin
- Payment versus Payment (PvP)
- PBS (Proposer-Builder Separation)
- PeckShield
- Peer-to-Peer (P2P)
- Penning trap
- PennyLane
- Penumbra
- Perceptron
- Period finding
- Permit (EIP-2612)
- Perpetual Futures (Perps)
- Perpetual Swap Funding
- Perplexity
- Perplexity AI
- Persistent current
- Personality rights
- Petition Date Valuation
- Phantom Wallet
- Phase coherence
- Phase damping
- Phase gate (S)
- Phase kickback
- Phase-flip error
- Phi (Microsoft)
- Phoneme
- Phonon-mediated error
- Photolithography
- Photon
- Photon indistinguishability
- Photon loss
- Photon-number-splitting attack (PNS)
- Photon-pair source
- Photonic Inc
- Photonic quantum computer
- Photonic qubit
- Physical error rate
- Physical qubit
- Pig Butchering
- Pika
- Pilot-wave theory
- Pipeline parallelism
- Pirate Chain
- Plan-and-execute
- Planck constant
- Planning (agent planning)
- PLONK
- Plus state
- Point cloud
- Polarisation encoding
- Policy
- Policy gradient
- Polygon
- Polygon ID
- Polysemanticity
- Pool Share
- Pooling layer
- Portal Bridge
- Portfolio Margin
- Pose estimation
- Position bias (evaluation)
- Positional encoding
- Positive operator-valued measure (POVM)
- Post-Mortem
- Post-Only Order
- Post-quantum cryptography
- Post-quantum migration
- Post-selection
- Post-training
- Post-training quantisation (PTQ)
- Power usage effectiveness (PUE)
- Power-seeking
- PQ3
- PQXDH
- Pre-normalisation
- Precision
- Precompile
- Preconfirmation
- Preference data
- Preference Payment
- Prefill
- Prefix caching
- Preimage Resistance
- Preparedness framework
- Presence penalty
- Pretraining
- Price Impact
- Price Oracle
- Price-to-Sales Ratio (Crypto)
- Prime Trust
- Principal component analysis (PCA)
- Principle of deferred measurement
- Priority Fee (Tip)
- Priority Gas Auction
- Privacy amplification
- Private Key
- Private Mempool
- Probabilistic error cancellation (PEC)
- Probability amplitude
- Probing
- Process fidelity
- Process reward model (PRM)
- Product state
- Program-aided language model (PAL)
- Programmable Money
- Programmable quantum simulator
- Prohibited practices (AI Act)
- Project Guardian
- Project Icebreaker
- Projected entangled pair states (PEPS)
- Projective measurement
- Promise problem
- Prompt chaining
- Prompt injection
- Prompt injection defence
- Prompt tokens
- Prompt versioning
- Proof of Authority
- Proof of History
- Proof of Liabilities
- Proof of Reserves
- Proof of Space
- Proof of Stake (PoS)
- Proof of Work (PoW)
- Proof of Work Energy Debate
- Proposer
- Prosody
- Protocol Revenue
- Provable speedup
- Provenance metadata
- Prover
- Proximal policy optimisation (PPO)
- Proxy Contract
- Proxy variable
- Pruned Node
- Pruning
- PSBT (Partially Signed Bitcoin Transaction)
- Pseudo-threshold
- PsiQuantum
- PSPACE
- Public Key
- Puell Multiple
- Pulse tube cooler
- Pulse-level compilation
- Pulse-level control
- Pump and Dump
- Purcell filter
- Pure state
- Purification (state)
- Purity
- PWA / WalletConnect
- PyTorch
Q
- Q# (Q sharp)
- Q-CTRL
- Q-Day
- Q-function
- Q-learning
- Qiskit
- QMA (Quantum Merlin-Arthur)
- QR Code
- Quadratic speedup
- Quadratic unconstrained binary optimisation (QUBO)
- Quadratic Voting
- Qualified Custodian
- Quality factor (Q)
- Quandela
- Quantinuum
- Quantisation
- Quantisation-aware training (QAT)
- Quantstamp
- Quantum adder
- Quantum advantage
- Quantum advantage in simulation
- Quantum algorithm
- Quantum annealing
- Quantum approximate optimisation algorithm (QAOA)
- Quantum arithmetic
- Quantum attack cost estimate
- Quantum Benchmarking Initiative
- Quantum bit error rate (QBER)
- Quantum channel
- Quantum channel capacity
- Quantum charge-coupled device (QCCD)
- Quantum chemistry
- Quantum circuit
- Quantum coherence
- Quantum compiler
- Quantum complexity theory
- Quantum computing
- Quantum contextuality
- Quantum counting
- Quantum data compression
- Quantum digital signature
- Quantum discord
- Quantum dot
- Quantum dot qubit
- Quantum Economic Development Consortium (QED-C)
- Quantum eigenvalue transformation
- Quantum electrometry
- Quantum eraser
- Quantum error correction
- Quantum error correction code
- Quantum feature map
- Quantum feedback control
- Quantum Fisher information
- Quantum Fourier transform (QFT)
- Quantum gate
- Quantum gravimeter
- Quantum gyroscope
- Quantum harmonic oscillator
- Quantum hype cycle
- Quantum illumination
- Quantum imaginary time evolution (QITE)
- Quantum imaging
- Quantum indeterminacy
- Quantum inertial navigation
- Quantum information theory
- Quantum interconnect
- Quantum interference
- Quantum intermediate representation (QIR)
- Quantum internet
- Quantum kernel method
- Quantum key distribution (QKD)
- Quantum Krylov method
- Quantum linear systems problem
- Quantum low-density parity-check code (qLDPC)
- Quantum machine learning (QML)
- Quantum Machines
- Quantum many-body system
- Quantum measurement
- Quantum mechanics
- Quantum memory
- Quantum memory buffer
- Quantum Merlin-Arthur (QMA)
- Quantum metrology
- Quantum microscopy
- Quantum money
- Quantum Monte Carlo
- Quantum Motion
- Quantum network
- Quantum network stack
- Quantum neural network (QNN)
- Quantum non-demolition measurement (QND)
- Quantum oblivious transfer
- Quantum parallelism
- Quantum patent landscape
- Quantum phase
- Quantum phase estimation (QPE)
- Quantum phase estimation cost
- Quantum phase transition
- Quantum position verification
- Quantum principal component analysis (qPCA)
- Quantum process tomography
- Quantum processing unit (QPU)
- Quantum radar
- Quantum random access memory (QRAM)
- Quantum random number generator (QRNG)
- Quantum readiness
- Quantum register
- Quantum repeater
- Quantum roadmap
- Quantum scarring
- Quantum SDK
- Quantum secret sharing
- Quantum sensing
- Quantum signal processing (QSP)
- Quantum simulation
- Quantum simulation of materials
- Quantum simulator
- Quantum singular value transformation (QSVT)
- Quantum sovereignty
- Quantum speedup
- Quantum state
- Quantum state tomography
- Quantum subspace expansion
- Quantum supply chain
- Quantum support vector machine (QSVM)
- Quantum supremacy
- Quantum talent shortage
- Quantum Tanner code
- Quantum teleportation
- Quantum testbed
- Quantum thermometry
- Quantum threat timeline
- Quantum trajectory
- Quantum transduction
- Quantum tunnelling
- Quantum volume
- Quantum walk
- Quantum washing
- Quantum Zeno effect
- Quantum-as-a-service
- Quantum-centric supercomputing
- Quantum-inspired algorithm
- Quantum-limited amplifier
- Quantum-limited sensing
- Quantum-resistant blockchain
- Quantum-safe
- Quasiparticle
- Quasiparticle poisoning
- Qubit
- Qubit frequency
- Qubit mapping
- Qubit modality
- Qubit overhead
- Qubit reset
- Qubit routing
- Qubit state vector
- Qubit-limited versus error-limited
- Qubitisation
- Qubitised walk
- Qudit
- QuEra Computing
- Query complexity
- Query model
- Query rewriting
- Query, key and value (QKV)
- QuickSwap
- Quorum
- Qutrit
R
- R-squared (coefficient of determination)
- Rabby Wallet
- Rabi frequency
- Rabi oscillation
- Rack-scale system
- Radiant Capital
- Radiate Protocol
- Radiofrequency trap
- Railgun
- Rainbow Wallet
- Rainmaker Games
- Ramsey experiment
- Ramsey interferometry
- Random circuit sampling
- Random forest
- Randomised benchmarking (RB)
- Randomised compiling
- Rango Exchange
- Rare-earth ion qubit
- Rari Capital
- Rarible
- RavenCoin (RVN)
- Ray
- Raydium
- Re-ranking
- ReAct (Reason and Act)
- Readout error
- Readout error mitigation
- Readout fidelity
- Readout resonator
- Real Yield
- Real-time decoding
- Real-Time Gross Settlement (RTGS)
- Realised Capitalisation
- Reasoning effort
- Reasoning model
- Reasoning trace
- Rebalancing
- Rebase Token
- Recall
- Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve
- Reciprocal rank fusion (RRF)
- Recovery Rate
- Recovery Scam
- Rectified flow
- Rectified linear unit (ReLU)
- Recurrent neural network (RNN)
- Recursive Proof
- Recursive self-improvement
- Red-teaming
- Redefinition of the second
- Redemption (Stablecoin)
- Redstone Oracles
- Reduced density matrix
- Reentrancy
- Reentrancy Guard
- Ref Finance
- Reflection
- Reflexer
- Refusal
- Refusal rate
- Regression
- Regression testing (models)
- Regularisation
- Regulatory Arbitrage
- Regulatory Perimeter
- Rehypothecation
- REINFORCE
- Reinforcement learning (RL)
- Reinforcement learning environment (RL environment)
- Reinforcement learning from AI feedback (RLAIF)
- Reinforcement learning from human feedback (RLHF)
- Reinforcement learning with verifiable rewards (RLVR)
- Rejection sampling fine-tuning
- Relative phase
- Relative positional encoding
- Relative Strength Index (RSI)
- Relaxation
- Remix
- Remote direct memory access (RDMA)
- Ren Bridge
- Render Network
- RENQ
- RenVM
- Repeaterless bound (PLOB)
- Repetition code
- Repetition code experiment
- Repetition penalty
- Replace-by-Fee (RBF)
- Replay Attack
- Replicate
- Representation learning
- Republic Crypto
- Reserve Attestation
- Reserve Composition
- Reserve Protocol
- Reserved capacity
- Residual connection
- ResNet
- Resonator
- Resource estimation
- Responsible Disclosure
- Responsible scaling policy (RSP)
- Restaking
- Restricted Jurisdiction
- Retail CBDC
- Retrieval-augmented fine-tuning (RAFT)
- Retrieval-augmented generation (RAG)
- Retriever
- Reverse annealing
- Reverse diffusion process
- Reversible computing
- Reward hacking
- Reward model
- Reward shaping
- RewardBench
- RFQ (Request for Quote)
- Ribbon Finance
- Rigetti Computing
- Right to explanation
- Ring-LWE
- Ripple (XRP)
- Risk Engine
- Risk-Off
- Riverlane
- RMSProp
- Roadmap
- RoBERTa
- robots.txt
- Rocket Pool
- ROCm
- Rollback
- Rollbit
- Rollup
- Roofline model
- Room-temperature operation
- Root mean square normalisation (RMSNorm)
- Rotary position embedding (RoPE)
- Rotated surface code
- Rotating frame
- Rotating wave approximation
- ROUGE (recall-oriented understudy for gisting evaluation)
- Rounding Error Exploit
- Router
- Router Protocol
- RPC Endpoint
- RSA
- Rubric grading
- Rug Pull
- Rune
- Runway (company)
- RWA (Real-World Assets)
- Rx rotation gate (Rx)
- Ry rotation gate (Ry)
- Rydberg atom
- Rydberg blockade
- Rydberg gate
- Rydberg receiver
- Rz rotation gate (Rz)
S
- S-dagger gate (S dagger)
- Sablier
- Saddle Finance
- Safe (Gnosis Safe)
- SafePal
- safetensors
- Safety case
- Safety classifier
- Saliency map
- Same-Day Rule
- Samourai Wallet
- Sample-based quantum diagonalisation
- Sampler
- Sampling
- Sampling overhead (mitigation)
- Sampling problem
- Sampling steps
- Sanctioned Address
- Sanctions Screening
- Sandbagging
- Sandbox
- SandboxAQ
- Sandboxed execution
- Sandwich Attack
- Saros Finance
- Sat
- Satellite QKD
- Satoshi Nakamoto
- Saturation (benchmarks)
- SBT (Soulbound Token)
- Scalability
- Scalable oversight
- Scale-up versus scale-out
- Scaled dot-product attention
- Scaling laws
- Schmidt decomposition
- Schnorr Signatures
- Schrodinger equation
- Schrodinger's cat
- scikit-learn
- Score-based generative model
- Scorechain
- Scratchpad
- Search algorithm
- Searcher
- Second quantisation
- Secret key rate
- Secret Network
- Secret Token
- Section 104 Pool
- Section 21 Approval
- Secure aggregation
- Secure Element
- Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC)
- Security Token
- Seed
- Seed Phrase
- Segment Anything Model (SAM)
- Segregated Account
- SegWit (Segregated Witness)
- Sei Network
- Selection rule
- Self-attention
- Self-consistency
- Self-critique
- Self-Custody
- Self-play
- Self-preference bias
- Self-refine
- Self-supervised learning
- Selfdestruct
- Selfish Mining
- Semantic chunking
- Semantic memory
- Semantic search
- Semantic segmentation
- Semantic web
- Semi-supervised learning
- Semiconductor nanowire
- Semiconductor spin qubit
- SentencePiece
- Sentiment analysis
- Sentinel dVPN
- Separable state
- Sequence-to-sequence (seq2seq)
- Sequencer
- Session Key Policy
- Session Keys
- Settlement Finality
- Settlement Layer
- SGLang
- SHA-256
- SHA-3
- Shadow AI
- Shadow deployment
- Shamir Backup
- SHAP (SHapley Additive exPlanations)
- Shardex
- Sharding
- Shared Sequencer
- Shiba Inu (SHIB)
- Shielded Pool
- Shor code
- Shor's algorithm
- Short-Term Holder
- Short-term memory
- Shortest Vector Problem (SVP)
- Shot noise
- Side-channel attack
- Sideband cooling
- Sidechain
- Sifting
- Sigmoid function
- Sigmoid-weighted linear unit (SiLU)
- Sign problem
- Signature size
- Signed distance function (SDF)
- SIKE
- Silent Payments
- Silicon carbide defect qubit
- Silicon nitride waveguide
- Silicon Quantum Computing (SQC)
- Silicon qubit
- SIM Swap Attack
- Sim-to-real transfer
- Simon's algorithm
- SimpleQA
- Simulated annealing
- Simultaneous localisation and mapping (SLAM)
- Single-photon detector
- Single-photon source
- Single-qubit gate
- Single-qubit gate fidelity
- Single-shot error correction
- Single-shot readout
- Singlet-triplet qubit
- Sinusoidal positional encoding
- Situational awareness
- Skale Network
- Skill (agent)
- Skip connection
- Sky Protocol
- Skynet Analytics
- Slashing
- Sleeper agent (model)
- SLH-DSA
- Sliding-window attention
- Slippage
- Slippage Tolerance
- Slop
- Slot (Ethereum)
- SlowMist
- Small language model (SLM)
- Smart Account
- Smart Contract
- Snapshot
- Social Recovery
- Socialised Loss
- Socket Protocol
- Soft actor-critic (SAC)
- Soft information decoding
- Softmax function
- Solana (SOL)
- Solidity
- Solo Staking
- Solovay-Kitaev theorem
- SOPR (Spent Output Profit Ratio)
- Sora (OpenAI)
- Sora (XOR)
- Source of Funds
- Sovereign Rollup
- Space-time overhead
- Space-time volume
- SpaceID
- Sparse attention
- Sparse autoencoder (SAE)
- Sparse reward
- Sparse vector search
- Sparsity
- Speaker diarisation
- Special tokens
- Specially Designated Nationals List (SDN)
- Specification gaming
- Specificity
- Spectrogram
- Speculative decoding
- Speech synthesis markup language (SSML)
- Speech-to-speech model
- SPHINCS+
- Spillway
- Spin echo (Hahn echo)
- Spin qubit
- Spin squeezing
- Spontaneous emission
- Spontaneous parametric down-conversion (SPDC)
- Spoofing (quantum advantage)
- Spoofing (Trading)
- SpookySwap
- Spot ETF
- Spot instance
- Spruce ID
- SQuAD (Stanford Question Answering Dataset)
- Square root of NOT gate (SX)
- Squeezed light
- Squeezed light in gravitational-wave detection
- SQUID
- Stabiliser code
- Stabiliser formalism
- Stabiliser generator
- Stabiliser measurement
- Stabiliser rank
- Stability AI
- Stable Diffusion
- Stablecoin
- Stablecoin Supply Ratio
- StableSwap Invariant
- Stacks
- Stader
- Stafi Protocol
- StakeWise
- Staking
- Staking Income Tax
- Staking Pool
- Standard quantum limit (SQL)
- Starknet
- Starling (IBM)
- State fidelity
- State Growth
- State injection
- State normalisation
- State preparation and measurement error (SPAM)
- State-dependent force
- State-space model (SSM)
- Statelessness
- Static batching
- Stealth EX
- Steane code
- Stemming
- Step-back prompting
- Stereotype amplification
- Stimulated emission
- Stochastic gradient descent (SGD)
- Stock-to-Flow
- Stop sequence
- Stop words
- Stop-Loss Order
- Storage Slot
- Stored Value Facility (SVF)
- Stranded Energy
- Streaming
- Streamlit
- Stride
- Strike
- Strong coupling regime
- Strongly correlated system
- Structure from motion
- Structured output
- Structured Product (Crypto)
- Structured pruning
- Sub-shot-noise measurement
- Subagent
- Subgraph
- Subsystem code
- Subword tokenisation
- Sudoswap
- Sui Network
- Suno
- Super-resolution
- Superalignment
- Superconducting circuit
- Superconducting nanowire single-photon detector (SNSPD)
- Superconducting quantum interference device (SQUID)
- Superconducting qubit
- Superconductivity
- Superdense coding
- SuperGLUE
- Superposition
- Superposition principle
- Supervised fine-tuning (SFT)
- Supervised learning
- Supervisor agent
- Supply chain attack (models)
- Supply Chain Tampering
- Supply in Profit
- Support and Resistance
- Support vector machine (SVM)
- Surface code
- Surface code cycle
- Surface loss
- Surface trap
- Sushiswap
- Suspicious Activity Report (SAR)
- SWAP gate
- SWAP insertion
- SWAP network
- Swarm intelligence
- SWE-bench
- SWE-bench Verified
- Sweep (Wallet)
- Swell Network
- SWIFT CBDC Bridge
- SwiGLU
- Sybil Attack
- Sycamore
- Sycophancy
- Symbolic AI
- Symmetry verification
- Sympathetic cooling
- Synapse Protocol
- Sync Committee
- SyncSwap
- Syndrome decoding
- Syndrome extraction
- Syndrome graph
- Syndrome measurement
- Synonym
- Synthetic data
- Synthetic media labelling
- SynthID
- System card
- System prompt
T
- T gate (T)
- T-count
- T-dagger gate (T dagger)
- t-distributed stochastic neighbour embedding (t-SNE)
- T1 (relaxation time)
- T2 (dephasing time)
- T5 (Text-to-Text Transfer Transformer)
- Tainted Coins
- Take-Profit Order
- Talos
- Tantalum qubit
- TapiocaDAO
- Taproot
- Tapscript
- Task arithmetic
- Task decomposition
- Task success rate
- Teleoperation
- Temperature
- Temporal consistency
- Temporal difference learning
- Tempus Finance
- Tendermint
- Tensor
- Tensor cores
- Tensor network
- Tensor parallelism
- Tensor processing unit (TPU)
- Tensor-network decoder
- TensorFlow
- TensorRT
- Teraquop regime
- Term frequency-inverse document frequency (TF-IDF)
- Terminal-Bench
- Test set
- Test-time compute
- Tether (USDT)
- Text and data mining exception
- Text Generation Inference (TGI)
- Text-to-3D
- Text-to-audio
- Text-to-image
- Text-to-speech (TTS)
- Text-to-video
- Textual inversion
- Thala Labs
- The Merge
- The Pile
- Thermal design power (TDP)
- Thermal excitation
- Thermal state
- Thermocap
- Theta
- Thinking tokens
- Thompson sampling
- Thorchain
- ThorWallet
- Threshold estimate
- Threshold Network
- Threshold Network tBTC
- Threshold theorem
- Through-silicon via
- Throughput
- Tick (CLMM)
- Time evolution operator
- Time to first token (TTFT)
- Time transfer
- Time-Bandit Attack
- Time-bin encoding
- Time-Weighted Average Price Oracle
- Timelike distance
- Timelock
- Timelock Delay
- Timing jitter
- Toffoli count
- Toffoli gate (CCNOT)
- Together AI
- Tokemak
- Token
- Token budget
- Token ID
- Token Terminal
- Token Unlock
- Tokenised dataset
- Tokenised Deposit
- Tokenised Money Market Fund
- Tokenised Treasury
- Tokeniser
- Tokenomics
- Tokens per second (TPS)
- TokenUnlocks
- Tonic
- Tool permissioning
- Tool registry
- Tool result truncation
- Tool schema
- Tool use
- Top-k retrieval
- Top-k routing
- Top-k sampling
- Topic modelling
- Topological gap protocol
- Topological protection
- Topological quantum computing
- Topological qubit
- Topological superconductor
- torch.compile
- Toric code
- Total Supply
- Toxicity score
- Toy factoring demonstration
- Trace distance
- Trader Joe
- Trail of Bits
- Trailing Stop
- Train-test contamination
- Train/test split
- Training
- Training compute
- Training opt-out (API)
- Training run
- Trainium
- Trait Rarity
- Transaction Malleability
- Transaction Monitoring
- Transfer learning
- Transformer
- Transformer block
- Transition frequency
- Transmon
- Transpilation
- Transversal CNOT
- Transversal gate
- Trapped ion
- Trapped-ion qubit
- Travel Rule
- Travelling-wave parametric amplifier (TWPA)
- TreasureDAO
- Treasury Company (Crypto)
- Tree of thoughts (ToT)
- Trezor
- Trident
- Triton (compiler)
- TRM Labs
- Tron (TRX)
- Trotter error
- Trotter step
- Trotterisation
- Trust region policy optimisation (TRPO)
- Trust Wallet
- Trusted node
- Trusted Setup
- Trustless
- TruthfulQA
- Tsirelson bound
- TSMC
- Tunable coupler
- Tunable qubit
- Turing Complete
- Turing test
- TVL (Total Value Locked)
- TWAMM
- TWAP / VWAP
- Tweezer array
- Twin-field QKD (TF-QKD)
- Two-level system (TLS)
- Two-level system defect (TLS)
- Two-mode squeezing
- Two-qubit gate
- Two-qubit gate fidelity
U
- U-Net
- Udio
- UK National Quantum Strategy
- Ultimate Beneficial Owner (UBO)
- Ultra-high vacuum (UHV)
- Umee
- Unaudited Fork
- Unchained Capital
- Uncomputation
- Under-Collateralised Lending
- Underfitting
- Unibot
- Unified memory
- Uniform manifold approximation and projection (UMAP)
- Union-Find decoder
- Uniswap
- Unitary coupled cluster (UCC)
- Unitary evolution
- Unitary operator
- Universal gate set
- Universal Quantum
- Unstoppable Domains
- Unstructured search
- Unsupervised learning
- Upgradeable Contract
- Uplift study
- Upper confidence bound (UCB)
- Upscaling
- USD Coin (USDC)
- UserOperation
- Utility Token
- Utility-scale quantum computing
- UTXO
V
- Vacuum chamber (atomic)
- Vacuum fluctuations
- Vacuum state
- Validation set
- Validator
- Validator Set
- Validity Proof
- Validium
- Value function
- VanEck Crypto
- Vanishing gradient problem
- Vanity Address
- Vapour cell
- Variational algorithm
- Variational autoencoder (VAE)
- Variational quantum circuit (VQC)
- Variational quantum eigensolver (VQE)
- Vector database
- Vector index
- Vector-quantised variational autoencoder (VQ-VAE)
- Vega
- Velodrome
- Venus Protocol
- Veo
- Verbosity bias
- Verge
- Verifiable quantum computing
- Verkle Tree
- Vertex AI
- Vesta Finance
- Vesting
- VGG
- Video RAM (VRAM)
- viem
- Virtual Asset Service Provider (VASP)
- Virtual Byte (vByte)
- Virtual distillation
- Virtual Z gate
- Vision transformer (ViT)
- Vision-language model (VLM)
- Vision-language-action model (VLA)
- Visual question answering (VQA)
- vLLM
- Vocabulary
- Vocabulary size
- Vocoder
- Voice activity detection (VAD)
- Voice cloning
- Voice cloning consent
- Volatility
- Volatility Skew
- Voltage Cloud
- Von Neumann entropy
- VRF (Verifiable Random Function)
- Vyper
W
- W state
- Wafer-scale integration
- Wake word
- Wallet
- Wallet Drainer
- WalletConnect v2
- Wanchain
- Warm Wallet
- Wasabi Coordinator
- Wasabi Wallet
- Wash Sale Rule
- Wash Trading
- Watch-Only Wallet
- Watchlist Address
- Water usage effectiveness (WUE)
- Watermarking
- Wave-particle duality
- Wavefunction
- Wavefunction collapse
- Waves
- Waves Exchange
- Weak measurement
- Weak-to-strong generalisation
- Web agent
- Webacy
- WebArena
- Weight decay
- Weight Units
- Weight-only quantisation
- Weights & Biases
- Whale Alert
- Whale Wallet
- Whisper
- White Hat Recovery
- Whitepaper
- Wholesale CBDC
- Wigner function
- Willow
- Win rate
- WinoGrande
- Wintermute
- Wire cutting
- Wiring bottleneck
- Wiring fan-out
- Withdrawal Credentials
- WOO Network
- WooFi
- Word embedding
- Word error rate (WER)
- Word2vec
- WordPiece
- Working memory
- World model
- Worldcoin
- Wormhole
- Wrapped Bitcoin (WBTC)
- Wrapped Token
X
Y
Z
- Z.ai
- Zapata AI
- Zapper
- Zaprite
- Zcash (ZEC)
- Zebec
- ZebPay
- Zeeman effect
- Zelcore
- Zellic
- ZenGo
- Zengo Guard
- Zephyr Protocol
- Zerion
- Zerion Analytics
- Zero data retention
- Zero Redundancy Optimizer (ZeRO)
- Zero-bias conductance peak
- Zero-click search
- Zero-knowledge proof
- Zero-noise extrapolation (ZNE)
- Zero-point energy
- Zero-shot
- ZeroLend
- Zeta Markets
- Zetachain
- ZetaChain Bridge
- Zignaly
- Zilliqa
- Zircuit
- ZK Aggregator
- ZK Rollup
- ZK-ID
- Zk-SNARK
- Zk-STARK
- ZkEVM
- zkKYC
- zkSync
- ZKSync Era
- ZKValidator
- zkVM
- Zodia Custody
- Zone
- Zone Protocol
- Zone-based architecture
- Zora
- Zora DAO
- Zora Marketplace
- Zora Network
- Zuchongzhi
- Zunami Aggregator
- Zunami DAO
- Zunami Protocol
- Zyfi
- ZZ crosstalk
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